![]() ![]() Moreover, the underwater acoustic channel’s bandwidth is very limited, typically in the order of several kilohertz. However, one major disadvantage is that acoustic waves travel at approximately 1,500 m/s, which is five orders of magnitude slower than radio waves. ![]() ![]() ![]() Acoustic waves appear to be a good choice for underwater communications because of their low loss when compared to radio waves. Unlike terrestrial wireless sensor networks that mainly rely on radio waves for communication, underwater sensor networks utilize acoustic waves, which present a much harsher environment for both the physical and the data-link layers. ![]()
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